Cardiovascular Effects of Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1)

Cardiovascular Effects of Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) Abstract Necrostatins have been identified as cardioprotective agents to reduce reperfusion injury after ischemia, preventing necroptosis due to their RIPK1 inhibitory effect. In this study basal cardiovascular effects of Nec-1 and its inactive analog Nec-1i was investigated in healthy rats under anesthesia. Relatively low doses of Nec-1 and Nec-1i were administered (0.8mg/kg and 0.846 mg/kg, respectively) in line with the in vivo dose response model described by Takahashi et al (2012). Basal heart functions were recorded namely, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), P interval, PR interval and QTc interval. The results of this study indicated that administration of Nec-1 but not Nec-1i raised systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, while PR interval was depressed. No statistically significant effect on P interval, and QTc was observed by administration of both necrostatins. The effectiveness of Nec-1 reveals a dual cardiovascular effects, exerting both vasodilator and vasoconstrictor actions as well as a positive inotropic effect on cardiomyocytes. Since no conditions of ischemia or any other oxidative stress are present, which means that no type of programmed cell death is triggered (apoptosis, necrosis, or necroptosis), it can be assumed that Nec-1 acts in a RIPK1-independent manner. Thus, this action of Nec-1 under normal heart conditions remains to be clarified at a cellular level investigating its involvement in signaling pathways (e.g. NO pathway, ÃŽ ²-AR pathway) of all cell types involved cardiovascular function (endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells of blood vessels), and cardiomyocytes as well. In general, after the elucidation of the exact mechanisms of action of Nec-1 at a molecular basis, Nec-1 could be applied as a positive inotrope that enhances basal cardiac function in pathological conditions. Discussion Degterev et al (2005) initially introduced necrostatins as therapeutic agents for ischemic brain injury through chemical inhibition of non apoptotic cell death. Three years later the same research group identified RIPK1 as a specific cellular target of necrostatins (Degterev et al, 2008). In parallel necrostatins were also reported as potential cardioprotective agents by Smith et al (2007) as they reduced ischemia reperfusion injury in their experimental trials. Although, current research has used necrostatins as potential inhibitors of necroptosis in ischemic heart experimental designs in vitro and in vivo (Smith et al 2007, Takahashi et al 2012), basal effects of these substances on heart function and haemodynamics have not yet been investigated. In this study administration of necrostatins (Nec-1 and its inactive analog Nec-1i) in healthy rats under anesthesia was performed. The results of this study indicated that administration of Nec-1 but not Nec-1i raised systolic and diastol ic blood pressure, heart rate, while PR interval was depressed. No statistically significant effect on P interval, and QTc was observed by administration of both necrostatins. Interpreting the results of this study is a complicated issue as the availability of comparable data is restricted and sometimes contradictory. The effectiveness of Nec-1 on increasing mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate, reveals a dual cardiovascular effects, exerting both vasodilator and vasoconstrictor actions. When evaluating the effectiveness of Nec-1 using in vivo murine disease models, Nec-1 was suggested to reduce ischemia reperfusion injury as an RIPK1 inhibitor in the TNF signalling pathway, thus preventing necroptosis (Smith et al 2007). But when no conditions of ischemia or any other oxidative stress are present, which means that no type of programmed cell death is triggered (apoptosis, necrosis, or necroptosis), it can be assumed that Nec-1 acts in a RIPK1-independent manner. Thus, this action of Nec-1 under normal heart conditions remains to be clarified at a cellular level investigating its involvement in signaling pathways of all cell types involved cardiovascular function (endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells of blood vessels), and cardiomyocytes as well. Interestingly, Eefting et al (2004) reviewed the role of apoptosis in reperfusion injury discussing both pharmacological as well as genetic interventions in animal models. Nitric oxide (NO) appeared to increase myocardial contractility, myocardial function and endothelial function in many reports of this review. NO is a well known regulator of excitation-contraction coupling in myocardial function (Ziolo et al, 2001a) and ÃŽ ²-adrenergic receptor (ÃŽ ²-AR) signalling (Ziolo et al, 2001b). In line with this notion, a recent study in rats demonstrated that renal vasodilatation was induced through the NO pathway with a pharmacological agent (Garcia-Pedraza et al, 2015). Thus, further research could aim in identifying potential interplay of Nec-1 through other signaling pathways starting from the NO pathway. Another approach could be the potential relation of Nec-1 with vascular ATP levels, as the vasodilatory action of intravascular ATP in the coronary circulation was reported to be attributed to the dual and e qual activities of adenosine and ADP acting at purinergic P1 and P2Y1 receptors, respectively (Korchazhkina et al, 1999). Nevertheless, the results of this study indicate that Nec-1 exerts a positive effect on basal cardiac function, by raising heart rate, blood pressure and by depressing PR interval. Since, stimulation of ÃŽ ²-adrenergic receptor (ÃŽ ²-AR) pathway has been reported as the most important regulator of cardiac contractility (Bers and Ziolo, 2001), it could be assumed that Nec-1 affects electrical signal transduction in some way of this pathway. In general, activation of ÃŽ ²-AR activates the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) leading to the phosphorylation of several target proteins within the cardiomyocyte, such as Ica (L-type membrane Ca+2 channels), RyR (ryanodine receptors of the sarcoplasmic reticulum), TnI (troponin I), and PLB (phospholamban). Interstingly, it has been suggested that PLB phosphorylation at Ser 16 by PKA is one the major factors affecting positively cardiomyocyte contraction after ÃŽ ²-AR stimulation (Kohr et al, 2012). In line with these observations, Nec-1 coul d somehow affect the phosphorylation status of proteins responsible for cardiac function. The observed depression of PR interval, in this study, after administration of Nec-1, which represents not only atrial depolarization but also the beginning of ventricular depolarization, reflects that the signal conductance through AV node/His bundle was increased possibly through increased phosphorylation of intracellular proteins involved in cardiac contractility. Noteworthy, Nec-1s has been shown to stimulate directly cardiac contractility through myosine binding protein C (MYBP-C) phosphorylation (Szobi et al. 2015, unpublished data) in animal experiments. Regulation of cardiac contractility by MYBP-C through phosphorylation has been reviewed by Saul Winegrad (1999), along with its role in the formation of the sarcomeric myofibril as a result of binding to myosin and titin. Although, not statistically significant in this study, QTc interval tended to be shortened under the effect of Nec-1. Preliminary data from animal experiments with Nec-1s after ischemia reperfusion indicated decreased QTc intervals, suggesting that Nec-1s might be protective on ventricular arrhythmias (Szobi et al. 2015, unpublished data). The comparison of Nec-1 and its inactive demethylated derivative Nec-1i as factors effecting basal haemodynamics and heart function appears confusing, as previous experimental approaches were applied on disease models using in vivo and/or in vitro ischemic conditions (Degterev et al 2005, Degterev et al 2008, Smith et al 2007, Takahashi et al 2012), and not healthy animals under anesthesia. Additionally, the effectiveness of these substances in previous reports varied not only in a time and dose dependent manner, but also regarding species specificity (Takahashi et al 2012). Nonetheless, in this study Nec-1 but not Nec-1i influenced positively systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate, while PR interval was depressed. These results could be compared with the ones obtained from the in vivo murine model of ischemia-reperfusion injury reported by Smith et al (2007), where Nec-1 (1.65 mg/kg) reduced infarct size whilst Nec-1i (1.74 mg/kg) was ineffective. On the other hand, in vivo Nec-1i was as protective as Nec-1 against lethality associated with TNF-induced necroptosis in high doses (6mg/kg) (Takahashi et al 2012). As both necrostatins were proven to inhibit human IDO as predicted by molecular modeling by Takahashi et al (2012), it can be assumed that Nec-1i cannot be used us a reliable ineffective control for Nec-1. Alternatively, Nec-1s which is a more specific RIPK1 inhibitor lacking the IDO-targeting effect, was suggested by Takahashi et al (2012) as a control substance in experiments investigating the potent effect of necrosatins (Vandenabeele et al 2013). Interestingly, in vitro Nec-1i exhibited paradoxically higher cardioprotection that Nec-1 at high doses (100ÃŽ ¼ÃŽÅ") (Smith et al 2007). In the present in vivo study, relatively low doses of Nec-1 and Nec-1i were used (0.8mg/kg and 0.846 mg/kg, respectively) in line with the in vivo dose response model described by Takahashi et al (2012). Although, low doses (0.6mg/kg) of both Nec-1 and Nec-1i had a toxic effect increasing lethality during TNF-induced necroptosis, suggesting that RIPK1/RIPK3- dependent pathway drives TNF-induced mortality (Takahashi et al 2012), this toxicity effect was not observed in the present study. Of course, in their experiments necrostatins were administered during TNF-induced mortality, demonstrating that low doses were toxic in terms that they were not sufficient enough to protect form induced mortality. In contrast, in this in vivo study, evaluating the comparative effect of low doses of both necrostatins, it could be assumed that these substances maintain their profile of active (Nec-1) and inactive (Nec-1i) factors when administered under normal-non stressful condition. But which signaling pathway is triggered, under the effect of Nec-1 but not Nec-1i, leading to this elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate) remains to be clarified. In general, as demonstrated in this study, enhancement of basal cardiac performance by Nec-1, evidenced by increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure heart rate, and depressed PR interval could be a double-edged sword. Although Nec-1 has been introduced as an agent reducing injury after reperfusion in brain and heart (Degeterev et al 2005, Smith et al 2007, Takahashi et al 2012), the effect of this substance under normal conditions must be further investigated before its administration in other pathological conditions. Thus, examining the response of all cell types (cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle and endothelial cells of blood vessels) under the effect of Nec-1 could be a first step under this point of view. Each cell type, and eventually the overall response to any pharmacological administration, will depend on several distinct or sometimes overlapping factors, such as changes in metabolic conditions (pH, calcium levels, ATP levels), or even active (under phosphorylation or not) signaling molecules and transcription factors. Additionally, in order to clarify the molecular mechanism of action of Nec-1 on basal cardiac function, the comparative effect of other necrostatins apart from Nec-1i, e.g. Nec-1s which lacks the IDO inhibitor effect, would provide meaningful insights. Conclusions Although Nec-1 was introduced to prevent necroptosis as a RIPK1 inhibitor reducing ischemia reperfusion injury, the enhancement of basal cardiac activity by Nec-1 in healthy anesthetized rats, as demonstrated by this study, indicates that this molecule may also act in an RIPK1-independent manner. Thus, further research is needed in order to clarify the molecular mechanism underlying this effect. For example, future directions could aim at identifying the potential interplay of Nec-1 in signaling pathways, such as the NO pathway and the ÃŽ ²-AR pathway, of all cell types involved cardiovascular function. The biochemistry of this involvement could be comparatively analyzed by administration of other necorstatinsm, such as Nec-1s. Finally, Nec-1 after evaluating all these parameters, Nec-1 could be used a positive inotropic agent in cases of cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, heart attack or cardiogenic shock. References Bers DM, Ziolo MT. (2001). When is cAMP not cAMP? Effects of compartmentalization. Circ.Res. 89, 373–375. Degterev A, Huang Z, Boyce M, Li Y, Jagtap P, Mizushima N et al. Chemical inhibitor of nonapoptotic cell death with therapeutic potential for ischemic brain injury. Nat Chem Biol 2005; 1: 112–119. Degterev A, Hitomi J, Germscheid M, Ch’en IL, Korkina O, Teng X et al. Identification of RIP1 kinase as a specific cellular target of necrostatins. Nat Chem Biol 2008; 4: 313–321. Eefting F, Rensing B, Wigman J, Pannekoek WJ , Liu WM, Cramer MJ, Lips DJ, Doevendans PA. Role of apoptosis in reperfusion injury. Cardiovascular Research 61 (2004) 414– 426. Garcia-Pedraza JA, Garcia M, Martin ML, Moran A, Pharmacological evidence that 5-HT1D activation induces renal vasodilation by NO pathway in rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2015 doi: 10.1111/1440-1681.12397. Korchazhkina O, Wright G, Exley C. Intravascular ATP and coronary vasodilation in the isolated working rat heart. British Journal of Pharmacology (1999) 127, 701  ± 708 Kohr MJ, Roof SR, Zweier JL, Ziolo MT. Modulation of myocardial contraction by peroxynitrite. Frontiers in Physiology (2012);3:468(1-10). Smith CCT, Davidson SM, Lim SY, Simpkin JC, . Hothersall JS, Yellon DM. Necrostatin: A Potentially Novel Cardioprotective Agent? Cardiovasc Drugs Ther (2007) 21:227–233. Takahashi N, Duprez L, Grootjans S, Cauwels A, Nerinckx W, DuHadaway JB, Goossens V, Roelandt R, Van HauwermeirenF, Libert C, Declercq W, Callewaert N, Prendergast GC, Degterev A, Yuan J and Vandenabeele P. Necrostatin-1 analogues: critical issues on the specificity, activity and in vivo use in experimental disease models. Cell Death and Disease (2012) 3, e437; doi:10.1038/cddis.2012.176. Vandenabeele P, Grootjans S, Callewaert N , Takahashi N. Necrostatin-1 blocks both RIPK1 and IDO: consequences for the study of cell death in experimental disease models. Cell Death and Differentiation (2013) 20, 185–187. Winegrad S. Cardiac Myosin Binding Protein C Circ Res. 1999;84:1117-1126.) Ziolo MT, Katoh H, and Bers DM. (2001a). Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase depresses beta-adrenergic-stimulated calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in intact ventricular myocytes. Circulation 104, 2961–2966. Ziolo MT, Katoh H, and Bers DM. (2001b). Positive and negative effects of nitric oxide on Ca(2+) sparks: influence of beta-adrenergic stimulation. Am.J. Physiol.HeartCirc.Physiol. 281, H2295–H2303.

A Prime Example of Authoritative Parenting Essay

Parental styles have a well-documented influence on children, and play a strong role in a child’s development. Authoritative parenting has been proven to potentially reduce a child’s risk of associating with antisocial peers, and deter engagement in delinquent behavior. Authoritative parenting has also been shown to raise adults that have healthy emotional adjustment and prosocial behavior. My parents used an authoritative parenting style that created a stable, engaging, warm and nurturing childhood for me. I plan on being an authoritative parent. It worked well in my family, and because research both contemporary and historically states that authoritative parenting is the preferable style. My family is an American nuclear family composed of a father, mother and two siblings. My father Jim is a very successful architect and entrepreneur and my mother Michele is the CFO of their businesses, which allowed her to be a stay at home mother for me and my older brother Kristopher. My parents are a solid example of the authoritative parenting style; their parenting style created a stable, engaging, warm and nurturing childhood for me. I believe the productive and effective business relationship they developed as business partners directly influenced how well they parented, and that their experience in joint decision making especially benefited their parenting, and ultimately me as well. Throughout my childhood and adolescence they were a solid authoritative parenting team, which helped them create a home with a lot of structure. Minuchin, as quoted by Omer, Steinmetz, Carthy and Schlippe (2013), says â€Å"Structure plays a crucial role in promoting a stable and secure frame for family life (Minuchin, 1974).† I strongly feel that the structure positively affected my development by minimizing conflict and confusion. I believe my parent’s personalities also greatly influenced why and how they are authoritative parents. My mother is intelligent, articulate, willful, persistent, ethical, logical, and astonishingly organized. My mother has a dominate personality, and is a woman whose actions are generally the result of reason not her emotions, which is rare for women. However, she is an incredibly warm and nurturing mother who has always been emotionally available for me. I feel these positive traits influenced why I generally listened to her advice and direction, as she was a reliable and available mother. I have always immensely respected and loved

Profile of Kirsten Gillibrand - Biography of Kirsten Gillibrand

How to Write an Effective News Article

Techniques for writing a news article differ from those needed for academic papers. Whether youre interested in writing for a school newspaper, fulfilling a requirement for a class, or seeking a writing job in journalism, youll need to know the difference. To write like a real reporter, consider this guide for how to write a news article. Choose Your Topic First, you must decide what to write about. Sometimes an editor or instructor will give you assignments, but you’ll often have to find your own topics to cover. If you get to choose your topic, you might be able to pick a subject related to your personal experience or family history, which would give you a strong framework and a dose of perspective. However, this route means you must work to avoid bias—you may have strong opinions that could affect your conclusions. You also could pick a topic that revolves around a personal interest, such as your favorite sport. Research for Your News Article Even if you end up with a topic close to your heart, you should begin with research, using books and articles that will give you a full understanding of the subject. Go to the library and find background information about people, organizations, and events you intend to cover. Next, interview a few people to collect more information and quotes that give perspective on the topic. Dont be intimidated by the idea of interviewing important or newsworthy people—an interview can be as formal or informal as you want to make it, so relax and have fun with it. Find people with backgrounds in the topic and strong opinions, and carefully write down or record their responses for accuracy. Let the interviewees know that you will be quoting them. Parts of a News Article Before you write your first draft, you should be aware of the parts that make up a news story: Headline or title The headline  of your article should be catchy and to the point. You should punctuate your title using Associated Press style guidelines unless your publication specifies something else. Other members of the publication staff frequently write the headlines, but this will help focus your thoughts and maybe save those other staffers some time. Examples: Lost dog finds his way homeDebate tonight in Jasper HallPanel chooses 3 essay winners Byline The byline is the name of the writer—your name, in this case. Lead (sometimes written "lede") The lead is the first sentence or paragraph, written to provide a preview of the entire article. It summarizes the story and includes many of the basic facts. The lead will help readers decide if they want to read the rest of the news article or if they are satisfied knowing these details. The story Once you’ve set the stage with a good lead, follow up with a well-written story that contains facts from your research and quotes from people you’ve interviewed. The article should not contain your opinions. Detail any events in chronological order. Use the active voice—not passive voice—when possible, and write in clear, short, direct sentences. In a news article, you should use the inverted pyramid format—putting the most critical information in the early paragraphs and following with supporting information. This ensures that the reader sees the important details first. Hopefully theyll be intrigued enough to continue to the end. The sources Include your sources in the body with the information and quotes they provide. This is different from academic papers, where you would add these at the end of the piece. The ending Your conclusion can be your last bit of information, a summary, or a carefully chosen quote to leave the reader with a strong sense of your story.

Renewable Energy - 785 Words

It is my sincere intention to pursue my graduate stu~ies at Your University. To enable you to judge my commitment and drive, I present this document, which reflects my academic motivation, niy eligibility for pursuing graduate studies and my future plans. My long term career objective is to pursue a research career in the field of Electrical Engineering, either as a teaching faculty member, or in an R D department of the industry. Masters degree at your university would not only provide me subject matter expertise but also thorough research oriented study that would help me lay foundation for the fulfillment of my dream. Starting off with my academic s. My schooling helped me develop better in the field of science, right from the†¦show more content†¦Immediately I started working on a project on V-oiceImplemented Wireless Scoreboard and presented papers at various national technical symposiums. 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Dissertation Topics in Education [Updated 2018] Free Essays

our site: Dissertation Topics in Education 1.0. Introduction The aim of this guide is to aid in selecting Dissertation Topics in Education and to give practical assistance in how to structure said work. We will write a custom essay sample on Dissertation Topics in Education [Updated 2018] or any similar topic only for you Order Now Education dissertations cover a wide range, from child development and early years education to the impact of government policy. Generally, writing an Education dissertation involves careful selection of the research question, how to design the data collection vehicle and how to interpret the results. 2.0. Categories and Dissertation Titles 2.1. The Influence on Achievement of Social Factors such as Class, Gender and Ethnicity The degree to which Piaget’s concept of a fixed developmental sequence in children is a social construct: critically evaluate in relation to research into the developmental experience of ethnic minority children in the UK. Has the ‘Narrowing the Gap’ agenda made a significant difference to the achievement of any underachieving group in UK schools. Evaluate in relation to the experience of one such group. In what ways does the ‘self-fulfilling prophecy’ of gender differentiation influence classroom interactions in secondary school. A qualitative study. The impact of financial cuts to local authority central support services for children from ethnic minorities: a qualitative study of the impact on primary schools. Monolingualism and bilingualism; how do young children with a home language other than English fare in Early Years education: a qualitative study of Foundation stage. 2.2. Child Development To what extent is Bowlby et al’s emphasis on mother-child attachment a product of its social and cultural backgroundEvaluate in relation to more recent research emphasizing the importance of significant others in a child’s development. How important is play in promoting success in early literacy; a quantitative study. The more limited a child’s experiences with language and literacy the more likely he or she will have difficulty learning to read. Evaluate this statement in the light of recent research. Teacher knowledge, respect and support for the diversity of children’s families, cultures, and linguistic backgrounds are as important in early literacy development as high quality teaching: a qualitative study. 2.3. Parents and schools Do activities which link home and school improve children’s achievement: a qualitative study. How important is the link between supportive parental involvement and children’s early literacy development: a qualitative study/ Do primary school teachers view parents as assets: a qualitative study. 2.4. Curriculum Should curriculum and assessment be more closely linked and what methods could be used to achieve this. Evaluate in relation to the experience of secondary school children. Has the National Curriculum been a successCritically examine in the light of research into pupils perceptions. Using IT for teaching for literacy, maths and science: a qualitative study of teacher’s perceptions. Is the ‘dumbing down’of exams a reality or a media creation : a qualitative study of GCSE exam papers. 2.5. Teaching methodology Should EFL/ESL teaching methods be used in teaching native speakers of English. Assess in relation to a particular group of primary school children. What can teachers learn from the practice of problem-based learning and should these methods be more common in our schools : a qualitative study 2.6. Learning In order for students to learn efficiently and effectively, it is essential for teachers to understand the different learning styles that they possess. A quantitative study of primary school children. Can the concept of reflective practice be used to help children learn in UK schools: a qualitative study of secondary education What methods, policies and strategies are in place in UK schools to improve the achievement of diverse learners: a quantitative study. Do cooperative and collaborative learning methods have a positive effect on student achievement: a quantitative study Teaching children to read: an overview of different methods used and evaluation of the ‘real’ books vs reading schemes debate 2.7. Politics and Policy in Education Has Sure Start brought about improved outcomes for young childrenEvaluate in the light of recent research. Do SATs create a curriculum where ‘teaching to the tests’ becomes the normEvaluate in respect of recent research. Has Every Child a Talker improved language outcomes for young English language learners in inner city schools: a quantitative study. Have 14-19 policies in the UK been a success: a qualitative study 2.8. Early Years Education To what extent is the structure of early years education in the UK influenced by Piaget et al’s theory of a fixed developmental sequence. Critically evaluate in the light of childrens’ experience in ‘alternative’ forms of education. In what ways has our understanding of the processes of learning and teaching been influenced by Vygotsky’s theoryCritically evaluate in relation to the experience of a group of primary school pupils. How important is rich teacher talk in developing early literacy: evaluate in the the light of current research. Teaching children to read; a qualitative study of the impact of phonological awareness on early readers. Managing the transition from Foundation stage to Year 1: an evaluation of best practice. 2.9. Teacher Education What knowledge about IT is taught in teacher education and how do teachers use it to support teaching and learning. A qualitative study. The teacher as facilitator: a quantitative study of the weight given to the facilitator as opposed to knowledge provider in teacher education. Is continuing professional development for teachers in the UK effective: a qualitative study based on teacher’s perceptions. 2.10. Primary Education The impact of support staff in small rural primary schools: a qualitative study Teacher or child-initiated: a qualitative study of best practice in the primary classroom 2.11. Home Schooling How significant is the role of IT in home schooling: a qualitative study. Motivational factors for choosing home schooling: a qualitative study. Academic achievement and socialization amongst home-schooled university students: a quantitative study. How well do home-schooled children perform when they return to school: a qualitative study. 2.12. SEN Do learners with SEN benefit from personalized learning programmes: a qualitative study in primary school Does inclusion in the mainstream classroom benefit pupils with SEN: a qualitative study of primary schools 3.0. How to structure an Education dissertation The dissertation paper needs to consist of an abstract, introduction, review of literature, methods, findings, references and appendices. The abstract section needs to include a summary of the research problem or purpose, summary of the research design, summary of the treatment(s), and summary of the results. Introduction section – background of the study and significance of the problem in context The Review of Literature Section – review of the relevant and related literature, including a theoretical rationale of the problem, need for the study, potential significance of the results, and the specific research hypothesis Methodology Section – Identification and description of the subjects, instrumentation used in the data collection, any ethical issues involved and the procedures used to collect the data Reference Section-alphabetical listing of all referenced text Appendices 4.0. References 2.2 Child Development Ainsworth, M.1985. â€Å"Patterns of Attachment.† Clinical Psychologist 38 (2):27–29. Bowlby, J.. 1988. A Secure Base: Parent-Child Attachment and Healthy Human Development. New York: Basic Books. 2.3. Parents and Schools Epstein J, Sheldon S. (2002) Present and accounted for: improving student attendance through family and community involvement. The Journal of Educational Research; Green CL, Walker JMT, Hoover-Dempsey KV, Sandler HM. (2007) Parents’ motivations for involvement in children’s education: an empirical test of a theoretical model of parental involvement. Journal of Educational Psychology Izzo CV, Weissberg RP, Kasprow WJ, Fendrich M. (1999) A longitudinal assessment of teacher perceptions of parent involvement in children’s education and school performance. American Journal of Community Psychology 2.4. Curriculum Lord, P. Jones, M. (2006) Pupils’ experiences and perspectives of the national curriculum and assessment: final report for the research review; QCA 2.5. Teaching Methodology Hedge, T. (2000) Teaching and Learning in the Language Classroom. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Richards, J. Renandya, W. (eds.). 2002. Methodology in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2.6. Politics and Policy Dockrell, J. ; Stuart, M. King, D. (2010) Supporting early oral language skills for English language learners in inner city preschool provision ; British Journal of Educational Psychology 2.8. Teacher Education Pedder, D. Darleen Opfer, V. (2011) Are We Realising the Full Potential of Teachers’ Professional Learning in Schools in England Professional Development in Education 2.9. Primary Education Blatchford, P., Russell, A., Bassett, P., Brown P. Martin, C. (2004) The role and effects of teaching assistants in English primary schools (Years 4 to 6) 2000-2003 Sanders, D., White, G., Burge, B., Sharp, C., Eames, A., McCune, R Grayson, H. (2005) A study of the transition from the Foundation Stage to Key Stage 1. Sammons, P., Elliot, K., Sylva, K., Melhuish, E., Siraj Blatchford, I. and Taggart, B. (2004) The impact of pre-school on young children’s cognitive attainments at entry to reception. 2.11. SEN Dyson, A., Farrell, P., Polat, F., Hutcheson, G. and Gallanaugh, F. (2004) Inclusion and pupil achievement Kalambouka, A., Farrell, P., Dyson, A. and Kaplan, I. (2005) The impact of population inclusivity in schools on student outcomes Also review Free Dissertation Topics and let us know if you don’t find anything and our site can help you. How to cite Dissertation Topics in Education [Updated 2018], Essays

Balance Is a State of Mind Essay Example For Students

Balance Is a State of Mind Essay Balance; it is one attribute that almost everyone strives for within the trials and tribulations of everyday life. However, the delicate conditions needed to achieve such a plateau vary from person to person. It is Charles Dickens, in his novel Hard Times, who walks along a great tight rope in hopes of finding a medium between the multiple extremes. Using a satirical angle, Dickens tells the story of a community who becomes caught in the trap of one side of the spectrum, trapped with the cold, hard facts of life. In this world of rigid schedules and mind-numbing tasks, he is able to effectively display the absurdity of such circumstances. One of the areas most greatly affected by such controversy is that of education. For many decades teachers have been struggling to find the balance between cramming students heads with facts, and letting their creativity and freewill dominate the learning process. Thomas Gradgrind, the schools headmaster, is one character who is unable to see the ne ed for the balance. His entire educational system was based upon proven fact. Gradgrind goes as far as discouraging the imagination and wonder of the unknown in his students. For he believed that You can only form the minds of reasoning animals upon Facts: nothing else will ever be of any service to them. Yet what he failed to realize was the importance of how creativity and emotion affected not only personal growth, but also the society as a whole. Without such stimuli, the children can become a form of walking drone, spitting out facts without analyzing and questioning them. These zombies created in the school, grow up to become workers in the factories of the district. Toiling away for hours upon mindless tasks, these people are reduced to mere hands, painstakingly adding to the continuous hum of the factory. So many hundred hands in this Mill; so many hundred horse steam power. They are caught in the vicious cycle being treated as a mass, rather than individuals as they are. Each of the characters know something is absent from inside of their soul, but no one can figure out the exact missing piece. Yet to the reader it is an easy puzzle to solve, for a person is never complete without the ability to imagine and dream. With the many gaping wholes in the society, such beliefs cannot be maintained without some disaster. It is the lack of vibrancy and energy that that comes along with the unforgiving facts that cause a town such as this to lose its steam and collapse. Thomas Gradgrind finally comes to this realization when his prized daughter, Louisa, conf esses to him in a fit of anxiety. She dispelled the information of all of the pain and heartache that the system had brought upon her. Because of this sudden candidness of his daughter, Thomas takes to heart what she has to say. He reflects back on the mistakes of his past and is finally able to see the need for balance. Gradgrind can now start to incorporate the use of imagination and creativity into his life, as well as the lives of others around him. By showing the extreme side of the spectrum in Hard Times, Dickens is able to express what an important role that equilibrium plays in society. Not only today but for years to come, people will be attempting to figure out a common balance point for which they can finally be at peace with themselves. Therefore, it must be remembered that in order to achieve the equilibrium that is desired, one must keep an open mind in order to prevent drifting too close to one extent or the other. .u8997545797ccfb42b54e482866bbb4e0 , .u8997545797ccfb42b54e482866bbb4e0 .postImageUrl , .u8997545797ccfb42b54e482866bbb4e0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8997545797ccfb42b54e482866bbb4e0 , .u8997545797ccfb42b54e482866bbb4e0:hover , .u8997545797ccfb42b54e482866bbb4e0:visited , .u8997545797ccfb42b54e482866bbb4e0:active { border:0!important; } .u8997545797ccfb42b54e482866bbb4e0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8997545797ccfb42b54e482866bbb4e0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8997545797ccfb42b54e482866bbb4e0:active , .u8997545797ccfb42b54e482866bbb4e0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8997545797ccfb42b54e482866bbb4e0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8997545797ccfb42b54e482866bbb4e0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8997545797ccfb42b54e482866bbb4e0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8997545797ccfb42b54e482866bbb4e0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8997545797ccfb42b54e482866bbb4e0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8997545797ccfb42b54e482866bbb4e0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8997545797ccfb42b54e482866bbb4e0 .u8997545797ccfb42b54e482866bbb4e0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8997545797ccfb42b54e482866bbb4e0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Giver (synopsis of main character) EssayBibliography: